(ASIL) American Society of International Law

Readers' Corner


Introduction: This segment of the Newsletter provides members of this ASIL Interest Group with information about books and other published items of interest. For those of you who have not yet attended the Annual Meeting, the central foyer of the Mayflower Hotel usually contains a veritable gold mine of recent publications - of interest to academicians, legal advisors, and practitioners. You can purchase the on-site copy at a significant discount (if you are the first to reserve that particular title in person).

Format: Book Titles are bolded. The [ ] symbol, and number within it, indicates the number of pages in the book. PUBLISHER INFORMATION, including address/telephone/fax, is provided (at the end) for reader convenience. Price is not included, due to price fluctuations and varying rates of exchange.

The Editor thanks those individuals and organizations who provided information about these books - particularly Martinus Nijhoff, Oxford University Press, and various UN agencies for their generous support. As requested in the Inaugural UN Decade Newsletter, you are encouraged to advise the Editor about any book (or other document) which you believe may be of interest to our Group. Information can then be obtained about such items, for review in the next issue of our Newsletter.

The format for this special edition of Readers' Corner lies somewhere between a mere bibliographic statement and the encyclopedic book review format employed in many American law school reviews. It is my hope that readers will thus find this format more useful than either of these alternatives. (Please recall this statement when responding to the Questionnaire appearing elsewhere in this Newsletter.)

Content: The reader can quickly survey the general content of this project by reference to the topical organization set forth immediately below. The chosen books thus present contemporary issues, occasionally complimented by historical works that of interest to Interest Group members. These publications provide insight about the weighty volume of diverse issues confronting the international community during the UN Decade. A number of works were selected due to the possibility that their foreign origin (i.e., author & publisher) would otherwise preclude our members from access to this rich vein of literature.

The Editor has thus attempted to provide a snapshot of the foyer of the Mayflower Hotel, particularly for those Interest Group members unable to attend the Annual Meetings in Washington.

Air Transport

Zylicz, INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT LAW (Martinus Nijhoff: 1992) [230] - The author has a wide variety of experience with the IATA, ICAO, and in various negotiations involving international air transport. While there is a great deal of Western-source information available on this subject, there is scant material available from the perspective of non-Western sources.

In addition to his analyses, the author also presents many "hard" facts - including the statistical and economic aspects of this industry. Such information is useful, due the traditional gap between economic and technological innovation and subsequent legal developments.

The important substantive legal subjects analyzed include the Chicago Convention and the Warsaw Convention. Each has its respective drawbacks in terms of the bilateralism of the Chicago text and the difficulties associated with the Warsaw liability regime. The GATT connection is also explored.

The maturity of this industry is taken for granted by many writers and policy makers. Professor Zylicz attempts exposes some of the problems with this assumption. He also addresses striking differences in the global availability of services and the resulting effect on various economies.

Antarctica

Sahurie, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF ANTARCTICA (Martinus Nijhoff: 1991) [612] -

American caselaw describes Antarctica as a foreign land without a government. The author has conveniently unravelled the varied reasons for this perception while providing useful insights about the inherent complexities of Antarctica. The author's focus is not on the continent as such, but rather upon the social, political, and legal processes that affect it. The author also analyzes the question of how the continent's resources should be used.

Doctor Sahurie provides the essential details regarding those who have made the various (and inconsistent) claims to Antarctica. He addresses the varied modes of historic rights, discovery, exploration, mapping, scientific research, effective occupation, and critical date theory.

This work provides essential insights on the U.N. Antarctic Treaty and its impact on the last frontier on earth, where unsolved conflicts are both numerous and complex. It is a comprehensive examination of all phases of the constitutive processes and the public order "established" on the continent. This book should be included among the best works, on what some might describe as a "black hole" in international literature.

Arab/Israeli Lands

Lapidoth & Hirsch, THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT AND ITS RESOLUTION: SELECTED DOCUMENTS (Martinus Nijhoff: 1991) [387] -

This is a comprehensive collection of key documents for any user interested in tracing the roots of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It contains not only texts, but maps which graphically depict the philosophical and geographical core of this complex dispute.

This collection does not contain the more political texts and recommendations for settlement. It is, very appropriately, designed to yield the more useful - and sometimes difficult to locate - official documents and texts of specific agreements. These include League of Nations and United Nations documents, as well as official national proposals and agreements.

The documents are reproduced in a general chronological order. They start with the 1897 program announced by the first Zionist Congress in Basel. The last of the book's seventy-nine documents is the 1991 U.N. General Assembly Resolution striking the famous 1975 Zionism resolution. There is a rich intervening vein of raw matter, providing a veritable research dream.

Perusing or closely studying the numerous important documents and maps in this book will provide indispensable material for both immediate or in-depth research and understanding of the complexities of this pervasive conflict.

Playfair (ed.), INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES (Oxford Univ. Press: 1992) [534] -

The individually-authored chapters of this book are the product of a 1988 conference held in Jerusalem. The experts thus examine human rights violations by occupiers under international law, during the two decades of Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This work fills the virtual void in book-length treatment of human rights and military occupation in this particular context.

The reference value of this work is suggested by its opening pages which contain a Table of Cases, Table of Legislation, and the Table of International Legislation, Treaties, and Conventions. Some useful theme charts and geographic maps aid in accessing its contents.

After an introductory chapter, outlining the contours of the legal and political morass, seventeen chapter analyses delve into the essential features of the occupation. Part One of the book is the International Legal Framework. Its discourses include a discussion of international law in the occupied territories, as reflected in the judgments of the Israeli High Court; the relevance of international law to Palestinian rights; and the legislative stages of the occupation.

Part Two addresses the details of the administration of the occupied territories. This segment contains the bulk of the chapter analyses. A diverse group of problems are discussed, including the right to form trade unions, taxation, financial administration, and the exploitation of land and water resources.

Part Three concludes with discussions of the enforcement problems in international law. It highlights the tension between human rights norms and two-decades of occupation. The Editor's lengthy bibliography promotes access to the other relevant sources.

Arbitration

Rubino-Sammartano, INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION LAW (Kluwer: 1989) [537] -

This is an introductory approach to the world of arbitration. Its use thus stems from breadth of coverage, rather than complete detail in every instance. Also, it focuses on the procedural aspects of such arbitration to provide insight about the norms and variations one might expect in international practice.

This work uses various criteria for defining and analyzing international arbitration such as: international arbitration v. domestic/foreign arbitration, and international arbitration v. arbitration with an international component.

The twenty-four chapters address the various types of arbitration and the general sources of law for this subject. The author has written separate chapters on practice in the US/Iran Claims Tribunal, the Washington Convention, and arbitration in the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

Most of the book deals with procedure, including arbitral remedies, all aspects of the arbitration agreement itself, capacity to submit to international arbitration, the role of the courts of law to complement arbitration, formation of the tribunal, injunctive relief, evidence, notification, attacks and enforcement. There is a helpful summary at the beginning of each chapter. It provides the key phrases which identify chapter content, thus aiding the reader in achieving quick access to desired information.

The book ends with an somewhat extensive bibliography on arbitration and international procedure.

Soons (ed.), INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: PAST AND PROSPECTS (Martinus Nijhoff: 1990) [221] -

This book is the product of a 1987 symposium in the Netherlands on international arbitration. It consists of papers and comments addressing the past and future of international arbitration.

Several of the presentations by recognized experts in the field contrast arbitration and international adjudication, with an emphasis on some recent decisions of the ICJ. Other analyses address the prospects for international arbitration with respect to inter-State disputes and between a State and a private party. The briefer commentaries by other scholars and practitioners appear in the latter part of this book.

This is a useful primer for one who needs to "get up to speed" quickly about the key elements of international arbitration. There is a generous sampling of the relevant case, arbitral, and scholarly authorities in this field. This collection is useful for one who desires a spectrum of contemporary opinion on the related, but distinct, forums of arbitration and adjudication in the international context.

Stuyt (ed.), SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS 1794-1989 (3rd ed. Martinus Nijhoff: 1990) [630] -

Within this text, one will find not only a complete survey, but also sufficient detail to pursue most academic and practice problems in this field. Arbitration, perhaps the oldest form of dispute settlement, has been conducted by judges, politicians, heads of state, lawyers and nonlawyers, academics, and national organs. The full text of the arbitrations is not provided. The object of this book is to provide the most fundamental details regarding the work of the world's major international arbitrations.

This survey consists of approximately 450 international arbitrations between sovereign states, and some 90 arbitrations between a state and individuals or legal persons under international law. Municipal law arbitrations are excluded, where there is no "state" involved.

The 1794 Jay Treaty commences the modern conduct of bilateral interstate arbitration. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established a century later. Its work arguably led to creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1920. Thus, arbitration must be considered by anyone undertaking either academic endeavors, or looking for workable peaceful means of resolving contemporary conflicts.

Consistent with prior editions, the Third retains the five-paragraph approach for each arbitration. 1. Parties; 2. Dispute; 3. Arbitrator(s); 4. Treaty/special Arrangement; 5. Award or other disposition.

The appendices contain the 90 one-state arbitrations; those involving international governmental organizations; conciliations; inquiry; mediation; relevant opinions from the two world courts; administrative tribunals; regional tribunals; and military tribunals.

Business

Destler, AMERICAN TRADE POLITICS (2d ed. Inst. Int'l Econ.: 1992) [453] - This book analyzes the US trade policymaking system. It receives an American Political Science Association's award for the best book on US national policy. It addresses the US reduction of import trade barriers as a vehicle for encouraging world trade. It also illustrates how new policies, beginning in the 1970s, eroded these earlier goals. Some of the reasons include significant political changes, major trade deficits, and general "backsliding" on former open market trade objectives.

This edition discusses recent trade controversies, congressional activism, and fast-track authority. Given the doubling of American trade dependence in the last twenty years, such controversies will remain centerstage for some time to come. It deals with the complex US trade process, how Congress can insulate itself from protectionist appeals, pressing international trading partners to open their markets, and relief for industries adversely affected by increasing import activity. The US has simultaneously pursued the Uruguay Round of GATT trade agreements and the potentially restrictive North American Free Trade Agreement.

The three organizational parts of this book are Part I on origins of US trade policy; Part II - contemporary erosion of early policy; and Part III - a summation and prescription. The excellent Appendices facilitate greater access to this complicated field (plus figures and tables) with listings of various investigations and how they were concluded - e,g, antidumping cases, countervailing duty cases, and Section 301 investigations (quotas, subsidies, etc.).

Dell, THE UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (Duke Univ. Press: 1990) [191] -

The author is a Senior Fellow of the UN Institute for Training and Research. There is a certain mystique about the relationship between the UN and international business enterprises. This book assists in filling that gap, by summarizing the UN's economic role.

The topics include international antitrust efforts at the UN, promotion of foreign investment, negotiation of standards of behavior (Code of Conduct for multinationals), and the monitoring of multinational corporations. This work should also be of interest in the disciplines that assess government and economic theory from an international perspective.

Given contemporary concern about environmental issues, the reader should find major portions of the book to be of interest - including analyses of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, wealth, and economic activities. One who is pursuing the study of technical co-operation and technology transfer will find two of the chapters of particular interest.

The Annexes provide original UN-related materials regarding various national positions on the operations of multinational corporations, areas of concern between such corporations and foreign governments, and issues requiring attention of the UN Commission on Transnational Corporations.

TRADE AND INVESTMENT REPORT (NAFTA: Vol. 3 No. 1) -

"NAFTA" is a business organization established to assist companies doing business in the NAFTA nations. This private organization conducts seminars, trade missions, and conferences in addition to publishing this report. NAFTA has also published Guidelines for Foreign Trade and Investment in North America, Volume I: Mexico (available at no charge to members).

Diplomacy

Findling, DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC HISTORY (2d ed. Greenwood Press: 1989) [674] -

This work is much more than a dictionary. It chronicles major "American" diplomatic developments between the Revolution and the end of the 1980's. It provides details regarding approximately 600 individuals associated with U.S. policy for two hundred years. It also summarizes the basic details regarding an equal number of diplomatic events throughout the same period.

Another feature of this book is the provision of commentary on the historical importance of the profiled events - in both the domestic and international contexts. The discussion of major treaties, for example, helps the reader to derive the essential significance of the treaty and related events. The book also covers chiefs of the U.S. foreign missions, chairs of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and their work. One can "have it both ways with this book. Each entry compacts the essentials, without the need for further research - while also providing a bibliographical citation for further exploration.

The Appendices are also useful: A. Chronology of American Diplomatic History; B. Key Diplomatic Personnel Listed by Presidential Administration; C. Initiation, Suspension, and Termination of Diplomatic Relations; and E. Locations of Manuscript Collections and Oral Histories.

Higgot & Richardson, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: GLOBAL AND AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVES ON AN EVOLVING DISCIPLINE (Australian Nat'l Univ.: 1991) [479] International relations is currently in the midst of major evolution. The last two decades have produced a new paradigm involving the emergence of international political economy as a primary focus of attention.

The individually-authored chapters are the product of a conference at the Australian National University, addressing the state of the discipline, Marxism and international relations, and ethics in international relations. The publication also covers the issues in international political economy, small state relations, strategic studies, and peace.

These are interpretive essays, rather than surveys of the literature in the field. The Australian themes are less prominent than the global ones, so that the reader gets a balanced dose of each. The introduction to the book summarizes the essentials of each author's presentation. The Editor thus provides a useful opening format that distills the fundamentals of this book.

The end of the Cold War poses a major challenge to traditional international relations paradigms. The various contributors thus assess basic theory and current developments affecting those theories, focusing on the ares of international political economy, strategic studies, and peace research.

Kapur, DIPLOMATIC IDEAS AND PRACTICES OF ASIAN STATES (E.J. Brill: 1990 [133] -

This succinct publication is a collection of individually-authored chapters. It was partially inspired by the impact of the end of the Cold War on Asia. The area remains a flashpoint due to internal and external power relationships within this region. The PRC remains a major power. The range and limits of its diplomatic skills, as well as military and economic influence, is unclear. Vietnamese domination is not the threat anticipated during the Cold War.

Another reason for this particular study on Asian diplomatic practice is the sparsity of literature, thus limiting the ability of outsiders to keep in touch with contemporary developments in the region. The book thus opens with an overview of Asia in a diplomatic context. It then addresses the diplomatic approaches expected of Iran, Afghanistan, India, the PRC, Australian-Asian relations, and ASEAN matters.

One should consider this insightful commentary on diplomacy in the Asiatic arena, as a means of anticipating and preparing for the future expanded role of this region in international relations.

Kremenyuk, INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION: ANALYSIS, APPROACHES, ISSUES (Jossey-Bass: 1991) [486] -

With the demise of the Cold War, and the increasing interdependence of nations, the need for skillful negotiators continues to grow. In addition to the traditional province of the diplomat, there are now pervasive issues involving ecological disputes, joint business ventures, and new boundary agreements.

This book presents negotiating concepts, drawn from authorities in different nations. It offers materials on negotiating theory and innovative strategies for producing agreements of lasting value.

Twenty-eight individually-authored chapters address personal skills, paradigms for specific scenarios, and case studies for dealing with conflict. It also covers the entire process, from establishing preliminary contacts to mediating face-to-face. The Panama Canal Treaty, for example, is studied as a vehicle for assessing negotiating postures, establishing viable timetables, and dividing issues into manageable groups. The book thus provides insights on general rules as well as concrete procedures for use throughout the globe.

This publication thus addresses the sometimes underestimated role of diplomacy in avoiding the use of force in international relations. It presents a frank diagnosis of the significant problems in this field. It also suggests innovative solutions for handling difficult negotiation contexts.

Part One is applied systems analysis. Part Two is addresses existing approaches to the study of international negotiations. Part Three explores international negotiation in different issue areas. Part Four contains chapters on negotiation education and training.

Mak & Kennedy, AMERICAN AMBASSADORS IN A TROUBLED WORLD: INTERVIEWS WITH SENIOR DIPLOMATS (Greenwood: 1992) [231] -

This book presents its thesis in a very unusual format. It consists of interviews with senior diplomats, on selected topics, from a variety of nations. The authors are retired foreign service officers. They thus present a "walk through" of the various steps in the process of becoming a diplomat, including how to be successful.

The book opens with a narrative introduction on historical perspectives about the American Ambassador. Then, the entertainment begins (and the teaching for potential international civil servants). Then, eighteen former ambassadors advice the reader about their backgrounds. Each response is introduced by a brief summary of that particular ambassador's service. The other topics regarding job qualifications and preparation are: the appointment, preparation for the post, managing the embassy, and dealing with heads of state.

The remaining half of this book provides fascinating insights into particular events: troubles in Asia, the Six-Fay War, the Jonestown Affair, Cyprus, the fall of Saigon, Nicaragua upon arrival of the Sandanistas, terrorism, and coups.

Martel (ed.), DIPLOMATIC ANECDOTES (Broadview Press: 1991) [322] -

This is not a book about law. It is one, however, that international lawyers might consider reading. It provides details about diplomatic scenarios that would be fascinating fabric for classroom discussions - in

a variety of disciplines including law and political science; or, when dealing with any facet of professional life wherein diplomatic and consular affairs become relevant.

Some of the stories are merely amusing. Others are earth-shakers. All of them involve Twentieth Century diplomacy, including both the whimsical and tragic aspects of the profession and many of the "major players." The stories are organized by theme. Sources are provided after each account, for further research about any particular incident. A list of sources is also conveniently provided at the end of this book.

By perusing this book, one soon understands the adage that relationships between nations often depend on relationships between people. Behind-the-scenes detail can also be gleaned from its anecdotes on some of the major historical events of our time.

Environment

Allen & Jones, GUESTS OF THE NATION: PEOPLE OF IRELAND VERSUS THE MULTINATIONALS (Earthscan: 1990) [310] -

This book is published by a subsidiary of Ireland's International Institute for Environment and Development. It depicts how Ireland's romantic past has radically changed in the last generation. Although one of the least polluted nations, the authors portray a scenario where that is likely to change in the near future. One of the reasons is that Ireland's economy has developed without enough planning safeguards ("sustainable development," to quote a familiar term). Another reason is the relatively uncontrolled and distinctly rapid growth of chemical-industrial plants.

The authors accuse the Irish government of yielding carte-blanche power to multinational corporations, with no environmental accountability. If there are checks and balances in such a system, it is the people. These corporations are beginning to experience angry responses to the cross-border pollution problem created by those plants. There is increasing community opposition to development plans that provide too much authority to foreign corporate giants.

This book, built on a number of anecdotal examples (particularly in the County of Cork), is fascinating reading for one seeking the factual background for ways in which the people of such nations are coping with threats to their environment.

Johnson (ed.), THE EARTH SUMMIT: THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (Graham & Trotman & Martinus Nijhoff: 1993) [532] -

The UNCED was held in Rio in June, 1993. Leaders and representatives from most nations of the world went or sent representatives. This was the first major environmental conference of this nature since the Stockholm Conference of 1972.

This book contains all the key documents, including the authorizing General Assembly Resolution, texts of the Agenda 21, Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Authoritative Statement on Forest Principles, and key speeches made at the convention site.

This book begins with the introductory question "Did we really save the Earth at Rio?" It then presents the various texts, explaining how they were developed. It also provides preliminary explanatory commentary about the various key texts and ancillary agreements.

"Book I" (Chapters 1-8) provides the background regarding the who, what, when of the major developments of the Conference. "Book II" (Chapters 1-40), also contained within the same two covers of this 532-page book, analyzes all aspects of Agenda 21 - the program for international action that is supposed to continue the work of the conferees.

Book I provides extracts that illustrate some of the contentious aspects of this process. It addresses the prospects for actually achieving the objectives established at the Rio Conference. Book II, the bulk of this publication, contains the original and unabridged version of Agenda 21. This decision is based on the author's decision to allow Agenda 21 to speak for itself, unadulterated by subjective commentary. It is thus a relatively complete resource for those who wish to examine current environmental problems based on original materials.

Weeramantry, NAURU: ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE UNDER INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP (Oxford Univ. Press: 1992) [448] -

The Republic of Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the South Pacific (size: 24 km). After Germany's defeat in WWI, the League of Nations entrusted Nauru to the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The trusteeship continued, under auspices of the U.N., after WWII.

This book summarizes a 1988 ten-volume report, submitted by the Government of Nauru. It analyzed the responsibilities of the nations involved in that arrangement. The Government contends that the referenced nations are responsible for reversing the environmental wasteland created by decades of phosphate mining, while they controlled this former territory.

The author of this summary was Chairman of the Commission of Inquiry that produced the original ten-volume report (and now a Judge on the ICJ). His analysis is, essentially, a statement of international responsibility for breach of the duties associated with the mandate and trusteeship requirements of the League of Nation and U.N. systems.

While many are focusing responsibility for the environmental catastrophe in Kuwait, this work stands as a contemporary documentary on what happened in Nauru - a tiny coral island that was out of sight and out of mind, until publication of this book on the environmental effects of international trusteeship.

European Community

Toth, THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW (Oxford Univ. Press: 1990) [550] -

This book is Volume I of a three-volume set. Its subject matter is institutional law. Volumes II and III will cover substantive law and Community policies. The creation of the Community has generated the need for a publication that provides a detailed overview of its work, from a definitional perspective. Many of the entries are the product of judicial interpretations and definitions.

Each volume will set forth entries in alphabetical order in the margins. This feature makes it very simple to find the desired word or phrase. One can simply peruse the margins, for the purpose of learning the buzz words of European Community Law. The organization also provides cross-references, so that organizational paradigms do not obscure access to comprehensive treatment. The relevant sources and authorities are also provided. The term "Treaty-making Power," for example, appears bolded in the margin. It is defined at length in the text. Citation is provided to a cases and commentaries on that term from the ICJ, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, International Law Commission commentaries, the ECSC Treaty, the Eurotom Treaty, the EEC Treaty, and various ECJ cases. To add "icing to the cake," this particular entry (from the numerous alphabetized entries in a table in the front of the book) closes with an extensive bibliography of relevant sources not already mentioned.

The next entry is "Treaty-making Procedure," which suggests the level of detail provided in this truly encyclopedic work. There are extensive tables - including cases, Community treaties, and Community Acts.

Export Control

Jepma, THE TYING OF AID (OECD: 1991) [80] -

This book is listed under this Newsletter's subheading of Export Control, due to the content regarding some typical costs of receiving aid. Aid tying by OECD donor nations has significant consequences for recipient nations. A major one the increase in development project costs by as much as 20-30%.

The OECD characterizes this pamphlet as the first systematic study of this policy area - that is the debate over the tying of aid to political or economic objectives of the donor nation. The reason for this "black hole" in the literature is the delicate relationship between the donor and the recipient.

Tying addresses bilateral and multilateral aid, underlying political and economic motivations for giving the aid, and the direct and indirect costs to the nation receiving the aid. It presents the actual tying practices of the major donors and the tying element associated with financing recipient-nation development.

Meeseen, INTERNATIONAL LAW OF EXPORT CONTROL: JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES (Graham & Trotman and Martinus Nijhoff: 1992) [196] -

National export control laws have created a host of jurisdictional problems - specifically, when there are attempts to implement them on an international basis. This work is the result of the analysis of this problem by the International Law Association's Committee on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction.

The individually-authored chapters provide an overview of the export control laws of the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Austria, the U.S., Canada, Argentina, and the EEC in general. The opening chapter's comparative general report considers the problems of extraterritorial jurisdiction from both the international law and the conflicts of law perspectives.

This book contains reports of the application of export control laws from various nations. The three appendices constitute a bibliography on cases from various national or international courts and doctrinal writings in the field.

This is a rather unique primer for one seeking information on the jurisdictional dilemmas posed by national attempts to control exports in the extraterritorial context.

Force

Butler (ed.), THE NON-USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Martinus Nijhoff: 1989) [250] -

The individually-authored chapters in this book are the product of the second Anglo-Soviet Symposium on Public International Law, held at the 1988 Academy of Science's Institute of State and Law in Moscow. The sponsors included the Soviet Association of International Law, and University College of London's Centre for the Study of Socialist Legal Systems.

Three events combined to make non-use of force a timely topic: (1) the ICJ Judgment in the Nicaragua Case; (2) the General Assembly's Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Non-Use of Force in International Relations, and (3) US/Soviet arms control agreements in the 1980s. The Soviet-authored papers were translated into English by the editor (Prof. Butler).

The editor opens this book with a fascinating (and brief) history of international law in England and in Russia. This serves as the background for introducing the principle of non-force. The first paper is Brownlie's discussion of the non-use of force in contemporary international law. Two Soviet authors then address that theme from their perspectives. The other parts of this book address the role of international institutions, self-defense, and economic power.

This is an excellent primer for understanding the topic and its modern application in the aftermath of the Cold War.

Corr & Sloan, LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT: OLD THREATS IN A NEW WORLD (Westview Press: 1992) [317] -

Although the topic is referred to as "low-intensity conflict," some twenty million people have died from it since the end of WWII. The individually-authored chapters highlight a subject area that received scant attention during the Cold War. Its demise did not positively affect the existence of this threat to global peace. A variety of distant conflicts present contradictory challenges to U.S. policy interests, in an era where participation can no longer be rooted in Cold War parlance. The individually-authored chapters essentially frame the debate about the future of conflict, in an era when four decades of basic assumptions about geopolitics ad military power suddenly became obsolete. The greatest threat to US national security may be the inattention to the changed paradigm and the need to alter perceptions to coincide with the "new world order."

The end of the Cold War did not end global conflict. The absence of a bipolar struggle left a power vacuum and the likelihood that the use of low-intensity conflict may expand exponentially. Tribalism, nationalism, fundamentalism are providing the backdrop for small-scale wars. What criteria should the US adopt for intervention into regional conflicts? Shrinking military and intelligence budgets will not help in the struggle to determine facts and priorities at the turn of the century.

Damrosch & Scheffer (ed.), LAW AND FORCE IN THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER (Westview Press: 1991) [326] -

If there is in fact a new international order, a primary feature has been the apparent convergence of perspectives on the use of force through the UN process. The collaborative response to the invasion of Kuwait, and the Security Council's significant Resolution 678 ("all necessary means" to enforce prior resolutions against Iraq), are evidence of the greatest challenge to the rule of law - the use of force.

This is a collection of individually-authored chapters dealing with self-defense, collective security, intervention, arms control, and judicial procedures regarding force. The chapters are the product of the 1990 U.S.-Soviet Conference on International law and the use of Force, sponsored by the American Society of International Law and the Ford Foundation. A number of Soviet and American legal scholars, and some practitioners, thus review various facets of the tension between the use of military force and the limitations imposed by international law.

The self-defense chapters contain materials on the exaggerated and unfounded claims of self-defense, and the new deference to the Security Council methodology for handling collective defense matters under the Charter. The UN is not yet an autonomous actor, capable of implementing the effective control of force. The collective security chapters focus on the Kuwait scenario, including the applicability of the UN and regional responses under Chapter VII of the Charter. They contain suggestions regarding strengthening the Security Council to exercise greater discretion in the use of force.

The intervention chapters deal with intervention: via invitation, against illegitimate regimes, undertaken for humanitarian purposes, and for combatting terrorism and drug-trafficking.

The arms control chapters examine limitations contained in internationaL arms agreements, including dispute settlement mechanisms.

The final part of this book examines judicial processes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of international tribunals on the use of force.

Elagab, THE LEGALITY OF NON-FORCIBLE COUNTER-MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Oxford Univ. Press: 1988) [255] -

There has been an increasing resort to the use of economic sanctions, or reprisals, as a vehicle for responding to breaches of international law. The increase, and the severity of application, present some of most prominent and unresolved problems in International Law.

This publication examines the history of economic reprisal (including accounts from the Seventeenth Century), its contemporary status, and when nations are entitled to employ such measures. he fundamental question is when is it legally permissible for one nation to interfere in the economic affairs of another? If their use constitutes another violation of International Law, there may be the additional consequence of two wrongs not making it right.

The authors focuses on the employment of non-forcible counter-measures in a variety of contexts, and particularly those involving the 1978 Air Services Dispute between France and the US and the 1979 freezing of Iranian assets by the US. This work refers to the elements for properly applying this form of "force," including prior breach, demand for redress, proportionality, and obligations spawned by cases requiring the peaceful settlement of disputes.

The end matter of the book consists of an Appendix listing relevant documents (particularly of the ILC), and a comprehensive bibliography.

Foreign Relations

Bischoff, SWAZILAND'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY: A STUDY OF A SMALL AFRICAN STATE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (Peter Lang: 1990) [548] -

The author, born in Cape Town, was educated in various European universities, and has taught international relations at Kwaluseni's Swaziland University for a number of years. This 548-page volume is a part of the prominent European University Studies.

This rather unique, important, and well-documented thesis is a welcome addition to the literature about international relations. It focuses on one of the smaller nations of the globe, Swaziland, which was the first OAU state to sign a security agreement with South Africa (in 1982).

The book carries twelve chapters, commencing with Swaziland's historical underpinnings. The first chapter is followed by materials on colonial and post-dependence political relations. The author recounts a fascinating labyrinth of Swaziland's foreign relations with the US and Britain (Chap. 6), Israel/Taiwan, and South Korea (Chapter 7), South Africa during Apartheid and beyond (Chapters 8-9), and with the OAU and neighboring states (Chapters 10-11). There are a number of Tables, which assist in the development of just how such a nation deals with foreign investment and aid problems. It concludes with an extensive bibliography. One facet of its contribution is the illustration of how this nation's pro-Western economic and political strategy affected its profile as a new state, based upon what the author describes as "Pretoria's hegemonic aims and neo-colonial influence." The author discusses how, in an era of worldwide democratic reform, a monarchy can survive independence and continue to represent the Swazi people. Can a nation state be strongly nationalistic while simultaneously dodging "all around appeasement of neo-colonial pressures? Read this book to examine this novel form of statecraft.

Keal (ed.), ETHICS AND FOREIGN POLICY (Allen & Unwin: 1992) [258] -

This book depicts the direct correlation between ethical issues and particular foreign policy questions. This publication is the product of a recent symposium on the subject in Australia, thus emphasizing Australian perspectives in the few instances where the subject matter is State-specific.

The book opens with the Editor's chapter on the question of whether foreign policy can be ethical. Subsequent topics include the early chapter coverage of general concepts like "good international citizenship," reconciling the interests of the individual and the State, intervention. The next segment addresses pressures and constraints in the making of foreign policy. The third part of this book then covers a diverse spectrum of issues, including State aid, refugee policy, Antarctica, ethics and recognition.

One may consider this an informative reader on the broad political implications linking ethics and international relations theory.

Human Rights

Alston, THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL (Oxford Univ. Press: 1992) [765] -

The role of the United Nations in the progressive development of human rights cannot be disputed, theoretically or otherwise. As recently stated by the Secretary-General (Agenda for Peace), democracy within nations requires respect for human rights, as set forth in the Charter. Given the recent attention to human rights problems arising in the aftermath of the Cold War, this subject is becoming a dominant theme in international discourse.

The sixteen essays in this book provide critical commentaries on the functions, procedures, and performance of various U.N. human rights organs. The work of the ICJ and the Committee on Rights of the Child were intentionally excluded. As stated by the author, the ICJ has not made a significant impact, and the work of the Committee is too new to permit comment.

The chapter analyses include an appraisal of the overall U.N. human rights system, a study of Charter-based organs, the monitoring of treaty compliance, and the role of various U.N. organs in achieving compliance with the organization's human rights objectives.

This volume is a useful corollary to those texts that speak in terms of what "should be," rather than "what is." It also includes suggestions for improvements, and which of these are most viable.

Daes, FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 29 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UN: 1990) [214] -

This is Book 3 of the United Nations Study Series in Human Rights (UN Sales No. E.89.XIV.5). The author is the Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Geneva). Her study reports the UN study of "the individual's duties to the community and the limitations on human rights and freedoms under article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." One fundamental assumption is that conflicts between personal freedom of the individual and any other right or interest must be resolved in favor of the individual's freedom. The law that protects one individual against another thus protects the individual from arbitrary exercises of State power.

The Introduction covers the relationship between the individual and the world community. Part One specifically addresses the duty of the individual to the community. This particular provision has provoked some criticism, due to its convenient (mis)use by the State when dealing with the individual. Valuable governmental commentaries on this subject are provided. Part Two addresses the limitations on the exercise of certain human rights and freedoms under the Declaration. Part Three analyzes the interplay of human rights in time of public emergency.

Each topic begins with a bolded statement of the applicable regime. This organizational tool thus assists the reader in quickly comprehending the objective of what is to follow, without the need to delve into the text for context. Another positive facet of this well-written document is its provision of supporting details and citations. Those who are researching the field of human rights and United Nations protection, will find this particular technique a most welcome feature for accessing this complex area of the law.

HANDBOOK ON PROCEDURES AND CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING REFUGEE STATUS (UNHCR: rev. ed. 1992) [93] -

This revised pamphlet edition outlines procedures regarding the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol. The Introduction includes a summary of the instruments defining the term "refugee." Part I is the Criteria for the Determination of Refugee Status. Part II is the Procedures for the Determination of Refugee Status. The Annexes include the relevant conventions and protocols.

This is the essential primer for exploring the international law regarding refugees - from perspectives including the academician, practitioner, and legal advisor.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: BASIC TEXTS (Council of Europe Press: 1992) [465] -

This is a collection of treaty texts. It serves as a convenient introduction to the veritable sea of human rights instruments. The Council of Europe's Directorate of Human Rights appropriately decided to house the major documents in the field in one small (and thus handy) reference book.

The first of the two basic parts of this book contains the documents prepared for the universal protection of human rights. Part A presents, chronologically, ten essential conventions - from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights through the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. This part also carries several important UN-agency resolutions.

The second part contains the regional human rights documents. This category of texts is further organized as follows: 1. Council of Europe texts; 2. OAS texts; 3. OAU text; 4. CSCE texts.

Jensen, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN SCANDINAVIAN LAW: A CASE LAW STUDY (DJOF Publishers: 1992) [368] -

This is the first English-language book on the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on the domestic laws of the Scandinavian nations. The author employs perspectives from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, while drawing comparisons about the Convention with the legal systems of England, Italy, and Spain. The author's translations are paralleled with original-language footnotes.

Part One includes introductory materials and a chapter on the attitude of Scandinavian countries prior to ratification. Parts Two and Three analyze the impact of the European Convention on domestic Scandinavian law. Part Four follows with the application of the Convention in a comparative perspective - invoking the laws of England, Italy, and Spain. Part V identifies the domestic status of the Convention in Scandanvia, as determined by the European Commission and Court on Human Rights.

This book is an excellent resource for examining perspectives otherwise difficult to ascertain. The subject matter thus provides useful insights for one seeking information about the specific application of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Scandinavian context.

Lawson, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Taylor & Francis: 1991) [1907] -

This exhaustive compendium contains materials on international, regional, and national activities between 1945 and 1990 in the field of human rights. It contains the central core of information on international instruments, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and national approaches on the ways in which these bodies monitor and promote human rights.

The encyclopedic approach provides a capsulized summary of all major institutions in 165 countries and territories. It is also a convenient resource for finding the text of significant treaties and documents. Access is assured through 1,713 pages of information presented in alphabetical order, generously sprinkled with useful cross-references, and accompanied by citations to sources related to each particular item. The author has fortunately taken the time to produce a lengthy and useful index - often an overlooked feature which can make or break a book in terms of access to its contents.

The nine helpful appendices are as follows: selected bibliography (by country and subject), glossary of terms, status of international human rights conventions (national membership as of 6/1/90), chronological list of international instruments, the International Labor Code (agreements or draft codes between 1919 and 1989), UN Centre for Human Rights organization chart, UN studies and reports on human rights, membership of inter-governmental organizations concerned with human rights, and list of national institutions concerned with human rights.

This particular resource is a must for anyone who either practices in, or is researching about, this increasingly important facet of the UN Decade on International Law.

Nanda (ED.), REFUGEE LAW AND POLICY: INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. RESPONSES (Greenwood Press: 1989) [228] -

The individually-authored chapters address the theme of how nations have responded, and how they should respond, to the persistent problem of refugees. The book addresses this theme from the perspectives of law, ethics, and social sciences. It also explores the difficult question of how to measure state responsibility in this context.

This problem became the object of concerted international action only in the Twentieth Century, particularly after WWII with the signing of the 1951 Refugee Convention (and 1967 Protocol). The many problems with the Convention approach and other U.N. efforts are discussed.

The editor opens with an initial chapter (Part I) that identities the scope of the problem, including the fact that 13,000,000 people were refugees in 1988. That number has undoubtedly risen, in the aftermath of subsequent events in Eastern Europe.

Part II of the book portrays various international reactions to this problem. It also covers asylum requirements, rights of refugees under international humanitarian law, deterring the conduct that produces refugees, and conflicting trends in Western European refugee policies.

The rest of this book is as follows: Part III is the U.S. response to refugee problems in various domestic and international contexts. Part IV addresses the response of individual citizens and church-affiliated groups. The final Part is a chapter addressing the challenges ahead, followed by a short bibliography.

A one-volume book can only deal with so much. The selected themes selected for this work make it a useful guide for understanding the general nature of this international tragedy that has generated renewed attention with the passage of the Cold War.

RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD AS A HUMAN RIGHT (UN: 1989) [73] -

This is Book 1 of the United Nations Study Series in Human Rights (UN Sales No. E.89.XIV.2). The author (see Preface for name) is the Special Rapporteur for the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Geneva).

The chapters in this work include: (1) food and clothing: the issues and setting; (2) nature of the rights; (3) existing recognition of the right to food; (4) State obligations in relation to the right to food; (5) international obligations to secure this right; (7) monitoring and supervision; and (8) recommendations regarding future implementation.

This is an important study, because it helps the reader recognize that while some "have" nations bulldoze for the implementation of certain other rights, the "have not" nations find difficulty in meeting this fundamental survival need. There is much to be done in order to move this right from the realm of "rhetoric" into full responsibility for providing this basic need of mankind.

Rosas (ed.), INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS IN DOMESTIC LAW: FINNISH AND POLISH PERSPECTIVES (Finnish Lawyers' Pub.: 1990) [300] -

This book is a product of the 1989 Finnish-Polish human rights seminar hosted by Finland's Abo Akademi University. It contains sixteen individually-authored chapters. It opens with a chapter on the status of international human rights instruments in domestic law. There is also a chapter dealing with US domestic law, keying on the death penalty. There are excellent bibliographies at the conclusion of each chapter.

The book contains is a broad range of human rights issues, using Finland and Poland as the main frames of reference. Poland is undergoing reforms and Finland has recently participated in the European human rights system. In an era when so much has been written from US and Western European perspectives, this book is a welcome addition to the literature on a subject of timeless dimensions.

SELECTED DECISIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE UNDER THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL: INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (UN: 1990) [246] -

The (Covenant and) Optional Protocol entered into force in 1976. Under that Protocol, individuals may claim that rights guaranteed them under the Covenant may write to the Committee seeking redress (after exhausting local remedies). This Second Volume (UN Sales No. E.89.XVI.1) provides the text of certain Committee decisions between 1982 and 1988.

The Table of Contents conveniently provides a snapshot of the contents. After a useful Introduction, it is organized into three major subdivisions: (1) Interlocutory Decisions (eight pages); (2) Final Decisions (about seventy pages); and (3) Views of the Committee regarding the Optional Protocol (about 150 pages).

The Annexes include responses received by State parties, after publication of the views of the Committee; States Parties to the Optional Protocol; Committee individual membership list; and Statistical survey of the status of communications (country of origin and results). Several indexes also provide information regarding the articles in the Covenant, the articles in the Optional Protocol, subject, and an author/victim index. This is an excellent resource for obtaining original materials in the fled of international human rights. It provides the country where the complaint originated from, the name of the complainant, the facts, and the disposition by the Committee.

Wronka, HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL POLICY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Univ. Press Amer.: 1992) -

Doctor Wronka's book analyzes the future implications of human rights principles for social policy. His book dovetails the impact of the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights on federal and state constitutions in the USA. Its contents include: human rights and social policy in European contexts; the nature of those rights, drawing from historical materials including the League of Nations; the drafting of the Universal Declaration, comparing it with rights contained in the U.S. and various state constitutions, and its overall implications for social policy for the next century.

Int'l Litigation

Lookofsky, TRANSNATIONAL LITIGATION AND COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN, EUROPEAN, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW (DJOF Publishers: 1992) [782] -

This book combines the American case method of study with the European style of doctrinal presentation. Where it analyzes key cases, it provides excerpts from them - with helpful headnote wording in the adjacent margins. Professor Lookofsky's book provides fundamental information for the student and supplemental information for the practitioner, in need of a resource for understanding arbitration and litigation in an international context.

After a chapter on substance and procedure in such disputes, the comprehensive chapters address: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Applicable Law in Contract & Tort, Service and Evidence Abroad, Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments, and International Commercial Arbitration. Central convention texts are included in the nine appendixes, thus providing a handy reference tool containing the main treaties/arbitration rules. The summarized cases in this text are drawn from U.S. and various European sources. This diversity thus provides a relatively comprehensive approach, especially for the law professor considering what materials to use for such a course.

Morgan, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE CANADIAN COURTS (Carswell: 1990) [144]- This is a series of essays, on diverse international law themes, that have been recently analyzed by the Canadian courts. The author herein restates and formulates his theory about judicial decisions involving the extraterritorial application of Canadian law. This is not an exhaustive survey. It draws upon exemplary cases from domestic (and international) tribunals to illustrate the referenced subjects.

The central topics of this publication are sovereign immunity, criminal jurisdiction, aliens' rights, and taxation of transactions with a foreign component. One may derive a unifying theme: challenges to the decision-maker's extraterritorial application of national law.

One problem in this field is that judicial pronouncements tend not to portray any unified approach. Domestic decisions occasionally support "anything goes" (a scenario obviously not limited to Canada). International tribunals sometimes couch normative "requirements" in deference to State practice. This book is refreshing because it avoids the doctrinal or encyclopedic approach taken by many international law texts, while making no apologies for analyzing what the Canadian courts are actually doing.

Naon, CHOICE-OF-LAW PROBLEMS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERICAL ARBITRATION (JCB Mohr: 1992) [337]

This product of the Max Planck Institute provides a unique contribution to the literature on international litigation. It is a well-written and organized book-length treatment of private international law problems, in the increasingly important field of commercial arbitration.

Its primary objective is to ascertain the degree to which arbitral tribunals are performing their intended role in the progressive development of autonomous and authoritative international commercial law. The author surveys the attitudes of States, tribunals, and instuments in this analysis.

The subject matter is not limited to wehat might be described as a narrow reading of the title. In addition to the substance of this field of law, the author further explores the all-important procedural matters such as capacity to enter into the contract, the independence of the arbitration clause from the rest of the contract, and procedures associated with determining the appropriate governing law.

The author analyzes the following central themes: choosing applicable law, without ignoring the national legal systems connected with the particular controversy; and, the occasional "prerequisites" of molding internal law rules to fit the particular international transactional context or the recognition of an emerging basis for a standardized legal framework for proper choice-of-law methodology.

The book contains either references or text from the key international arbitration conventions. It closes with a useful Table of Citation to scholarly literature, legislation and the relevant international instuments, and cases and awards.

Park & Cromie, INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL LITIGATION (Butterworth: 1990) [586] -

This book consists of three parts: (A) Choice of Forum; (B) Procedure after choice of forum; and (C) the European Court of Justice. Each part is then divided into chapters, wherein this treatise covers the respective situations in various countries - either by convention & non-convention countries or alphabetically. Those countries are Australia, Canada, England, Wales, France, (West) Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the USA. This organization makes the information very accessible, particularly given the complexity of this subject.

This book addresses multinational litigation, simultaneously proceeding in two or more jurisdictions. The authors, practitioners from international law firms, provide practical tips regarding strategic planning and co-ordination in the multinational context. It also addresses the common use of proceedings in one jurisdiction, which are ancillary to the main action elsewhere. The authors discuss relevant remedies in this increasingly familiar context. The book also provides conceptual and practical information on procedural considerations regarding both initial and subsequent choice of forum decisions. The section on the European Court of Justice analyzes the court, its relevant powers, procedure, and the national procedure for national reference of cases to the Court. The appendixes include several of the Hague procedural and evidence conventions.

This book can appropriately be described as a guide to international forum-shopping. It also emphasizes interrelationships between countries. The relevant conventions are analyzed, particularly those on jurisdiction, enforcement, service of process, and obtaining evidence.

Plett & Meschievitz (eds.), BEYOND DISPUTING: EXPLORING LEGAL CULTURE IN FIVE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft: 1991) [168] -

The five papers in this book are the revised editions of a 1987 workshop on Dispute Resolution Research in Europe. The authors are scholars who met in Washington, DC, for the purpose of communicating and exchanging information about dispute resolution procedures in nations including France, Germany, Sweden, Belgium, and others.

Another goal of this book is to encourage comparative study of socio-legal institutions. Its presenters address the following topics: the general Study of Dispute Processing, Dispute Processing in Belgium, Civil Justice in England, Dispute Processing as a Learning Program in Sweden, Negotiated Justice in France, and Informal Justice in Germany.

Int'l Organization

Archer, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (2d ed. Routledge: 1992) [205] -

This book identifies and categorizes the numerous international organizations (IOs) in the world. The author further provides a useful analysis of the increase in the number and working agenda of governmental and non-governmental IOs. The various tables throughout the book help the reader comprehend the variousness of these IOs, based on goals, range of activities, and structural characteristics.

The initial chapter opens with definitions and history, including the constitutive documents of the major IOs. The subsequent chapter then classifies IOs, regionally, universally, etc. The third chapter presents writings on IOs, including varied perspectives about their functions. The fourth chapter addresses the role and functions of IOs in more detail. The final chapter analyzes the future role of IOs.

This publication serves as a good primer for assessing the role of the IO in the international political system. It also provides commentaries on the effect of the significant events (since the initial 1983 edition) on IOs, including disintegration of the former Soviet bloc, creation of the European Community, and the Persian Gulf War.

Brown, THE UNITED STATES AND THE POLITICIZATION OF THE WORLD BANK: ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY (Kegan Paul Int'l: 1992) [295] -

The World Bank's financial resources allow the use of considerable leverage in its dealings with the nations that borrow from the Bank. The Bank's Charter prohibits political activity, and requires it to use only economic indicators for making lending decisions.

The title's term "Politicization" of course suggests a political phenomenon. The author explores the institutional order that arguably inculcates a legalized concept of politicization, thus attempting to avoid characterizations of the Bank's inner workings as purely political.

The author's central thesis is that the United States has used its weighted voting power in the World Bank to develop its own political purposes despite the stated purpose of multilateral co-operation. He thus questions the legality of the Bank's international aid to achieve economic coercion. Given the magnitude of financial resources available to the Bank, this is fascinating reading for one who desires the "real story." It is published by the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, through a publication agreement with an English publisher.

Burnett (ed.), THE ANZUS DOCUMENTS (Australian Nat'l Univ.: 1991) [315] - This is a small handbook that conveniently collects most of the treaties, memoranda of understanding, and similar international agreements negotiated by Australia, New Zealand, and the US (ANZUS - entry into force 1952).

This collection of key treaty documents provides ready insight into the ANZUS alliance, one which has critical strategic implications for all three nations. One example is New Zealand's 1985 decision to cease the granting of port clearances to military aircraft and naval vessels capable of carrying nuclear weapons. In the following year, the US suspended its ANZUS security obligations.

One may use this compilation to quickly determine the legal structure of this particular western alliance, and how its may withstand such friction. The various categories of documents include the initial treaty commitments in the 1950s, documents providing for logistic support, surveillance/communications/standardization. All documents contained in this small volume are listed in the front matter, for easy access to content. There is also a list of treaty participants (showing the British / Canadian involvement).

Schiavone, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: A DICTIONARY AND DIRECTORY (3rd ed. St. Martin's Press: 1993) [337] -

This guide is a welcome addition to the literature on international organizations. It opens with an introductory comment on the roles of the profiled international organizations, particularly in the aftermath of the Cold War. The book includes entries on the organizations that are (1) broadly-constituted and those with more limited competence; (2) administrative and more politically-oriented; and those that are (3) global or regional in nature.

In the main body of this book, the reader is treated to a quite comprehensive descriptions of the various international organizations. I addition to defining the role, the author further elaborates on the operational aspects of each organization and its inter-relation with others. The latter part of the book contains: (1) a useful table, listing the national membership in the various international organizations; (2) a classification of nations by the usual categories (industrialized, developing, non-aligned, etc.); (3) an Index of Foundation Dates; and (4) a classified index, listing Universal Organizations, Regional Organizations, and Sectional Organizations.

Worner, CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE (NATO: 1990) [283] -

What about NATO? The Warsaw pact is history. The Soviet bloc is gone. The superpower budgets and international agreements are functioning in a way that avoids major commitments to the former Cold War.

This book is a collection of speeches by NATO's Secretary-General. The speeches are presented in the original french and translated English versions. It is available at no cost.

The speeches cover stability in Europe, future tasks of the Alliance, maritime concerns, affairs of the Czech and Slovak Republics, etc. The speeches were given in various public forums. The NATO Secretary-General thus delivered these various speeches in this book to the World Economics Forum in Switzerland, the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, the NATO Maritime Symposium at Annapolis (US), the university community at the University of Istanbul on the future of NATO, the Italian Senate regarding the new European Order, the NATO summit meeting in London, members of the Supreme Soviet in Moscow, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech and Slovak Republic - to name a few.

This work is a good primer for understanding the NATO perspective of its future role, in Europe and wherever its interests are affected. The NATO role in Bosnia (not the subject of this 1990 book) may be better understood from perusing the published speeches of its leader.

Labor Law

ILOEX CD-ROM (ILO) -

This is a database of international labor standards. This compilation is available in English, French, and Spanish. The ILO brochure describes it as sophisticated search and retrieval software. It contains the ILO conventions, Recommendations, Triennial Report of the Committee on Freedom of Association, ratifications, etc.

Law of the Sea

Burke, INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA (Lupis Publications: 1993) [918] -

This major project is a two-volume looseleaf compilation of primary documents and notes that depicts the current status of the international law of the sea (LOS). The format thus provides for convenient updating in this burgeoning field of international relations. The author places recent decisions the in context of four decades of global negotiations. It contains explanatory analyses and research materials.

This organization of this work alerts the reader to the somewhat zonal approach used by groups of nations in regional LOS regimes. Coverage is not limited to the sea only. It addresses the important decisions regarding navigation and overflight, living and nonliving resources in and around the sea, pollution, boundaries, and important scientific research themes.

The chapters cover: 1. International Law for Ocean and Navigation and Flight; 2. Authority Over Nonliving Resources; 3. International Law for Fisheries; 4. Protection of the Marine Environment; 5. Baselines, Zones, Limits and Boundaries; 6. Marine Scientific Research and Other Marine Investigations; Appendix A. Tables (Various territorial claims); Appendix B. Bibliography.

Knight & Chiu, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA: CASES, DOCUMENTS, AND READINGS (Rev. ed. Elsevier: 1991) [923] -

This law school casebook book is a milestone. It collates materials from vast and diverse sources, thus providing a student or interested reader with a handy reference tool for quickly surveying the massive field of the law of the sea (LOS). There is no similar coursebook. It is thus a beneficial addition to the library of anyone undertaking research in this important facet of International Law, that has developed in geometric proportions in a relatively short period of time.

The book's fifteen chapters introduce and present the major areas of the LOS. The chapters begin with the history of the subject and its sources. Early chapters then address the details of the various regimes - baselines, continental shelf, EEZs, etc. Later chapters develop an awareness of contemporary problems, including the environment, research and transfer of technology, dispute settlement, and the laws of war/neutrality in warfare at sea.

The sources are, primarily, the 1982 LOS Convention, excerpts from relevant judicial opinions, as well as books and articles to "round out" the treatment of the particular subdivision of the LOS. Although not limited to the United States, the authors do provide a useful amount of its materials - a factor that does not detract from the diverseness of the book due to the discordant US position on the Convention.

Ngantcha, THE RIGHT OF INNOCENT PASSAGE AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA (Pinter: 1990) [224] -

This book is a publication of the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. Its outlines the contours of the "right to innocent passage." There are numerous provisions in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. There is much debate, however, regarding its precise application. This book thus undertakes the task of defining the contemporary regimes on controversial terms, such as non-innocent passage. Its eight chapters analyze the following major problems: (1) the legal status of adjacent coastal waters and the administration of passage through them; (2) innocent passage as the exception to coastal sovereignty; (3) how the right applies in the various coastal zones; (4) passage by private ocean vessels; (5) passage by public vessels/warships; (6) rights and obligations of the coastal and flag States; (7) dispute settlement procedures; and (8) a general evaluation of the current law and State practice.

This work provides constructive insight into the tension between the increasing superpower utilization of the oceans, and the military and scientific facets of this regime for many of the smaller coastal States.

Wang, OCEANS POLITICS AND LAW: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Greenwood Press: 1991) [243] -

This bibliography is the side-product of the author's upcoming Handbook on Ocean Politics and Law (same publisher). This book is obviously designed for one who needs comprehensive bibliographic detail on a subject within international law that appears to have been the "cottage industry" of the last decade. Thus, such a bibliographic work is a useful method for acquiring information in this specific mode.

There are twelve subject categories: (1) the geographic features of the world's oceans; (2) international conferences on their use; (3) the development of international principles; (4) living resources and organizational management; (5) oil and strategic minerals; (6) deep seabed mining; (7) marine pollution & environmental protection; (8) regional arrangements to control pollution; (9) military uses of the oceans; (10) navigation and communication; (11) scientific research and technology transfer; and (12) positions of the major players on selected issues.

The author implements some of the usual conventions for good bibliographical quality. The book is entitled as an annotated bibliography, although the annotations are relatively sparse. When annotated, the author uses the annotation to allow the reader to recognize actual content. All entries are numbered, to aid in quick reference to individual entries. The author lists other basic information sources at the front of the book, including both private and United Nations bibliographies on this subject. This work is an update, and an abbreviated version, of the core of literature on this burgeoning field.

New Int'l Econ. Order

Chowdry, Denters & de Waart, THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ININTERNATIONAL LAW (Martinus Nijhoff: 1992) [415] -

This book is divided into three parts - I: Right to Development: Ideas and Development; II: Development as a Principle of International and Human Rights Law; III - Shaping Development in Specific Areas of International Law. It consists of approximately thirty individually-authored chapters, and closes with the Calcutta Declaration (elements for a Declaration on the Right to Development).

The chapters are the papers given at the 1991 Calcutta conference by the International Law Association's Committee on Legal Aspects of a New International Economic Order. The chapters have been edited to minimize overlaps. The conference addressed the right to development, with particular emphasis on human rights. This right derives from the 1986 U.N. General Assembly Resolution declaring this specific right.

This book provides a counter to the narrow perspective of some "have" governments that the New International Economic Order (NIEO) may not survive serious scrutiny. The Assembly's 1986 Resolution is clear evidence of the existence of the right to development. The so-called Great Divide between rich and poor nations can no longer remain below the surface of modern international relations. The "Third World" has the bulk of resources. Treaty obligations and economic subjugation must give way to a more equitable sharing of global wealth. International co-ordination is indispensable to future international relations. The U.N. norm of equality of nations demands it. This book thus deals with the progressive development of the international law on the NIEO.

Makarczyk, PRINCIPLES OF A NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICORDER (Martinus Nijhoff: 1988) [367] -

This study analyzes the formation and evolution of the principles which the majority of states view as those which should reign over the NIEO. It focuses on the principle of sovereignty over national resources and the degree of national acceptance of this apparent norm.

The author explores the decisions of international courts and arbitral tribunals on the practical application of the NIEO, in a world once dominated by exclusively western-based approaches to national sovereignty. Part I is the Shaping of the NIEO. It tracks the development of the related themes through the genesis of the non-aligned movement (Group of 77, etc.). It discusses the resulting Charter of the Economic Rights and Duties of States and its impact. Part II analyzes the specifics of national sovereignty over natural resources and economic activities. This portion of the book depicts the activities of the General Assembly, UNITAR, declaration of the International Law Association, etc. The author draws from the relevant jurisprudence of the Permanent and International Courts of Justice, and various international arbitrations, for support of the NIEO principles and their treatment as binding norms.

While there are other books on this subject, this one provides a comprehensive analysis of the field - for both researchers who are just embarking on this journey or the experienced user who seeks additional insight.

New World Order

Franck, THE POWER OF LEGITIMACY AMONG NATIONS (Oxford Univ. Press: 1990) [303] -

In the aftermath of the Cold War, one hopes that the conflict-weary international community will evolve like other societies wherein the participants have learned to conduct themselves for the common good of all. Professor Franck notes that the community of nations has rules, but no sheriff. Thus, compliance will only be induced by the perceived legitimacy of those rules.

One should not perceive this book as being limited to international relations. It is of interest to a broad variety of disciplines. Its "legitimacy" theme has surely been introduced many times in classes such as anthropology, political science, sociology, and the like. Absent the proper perception of legitimacy, nations feel no guilt in violating the rules. Perceptions of legitimacy produce compliance with obligations, far more realistically than coercion.

The author uses a variety of examples to illustrate just how people in certain societies have come to recognize particular regimes as legitimate, and thus comply with international legal rules. Given the lack of true international government, the maturation of the society of nations will depend on the perceived pressure on the participants to comply - even when short-term interests suggest otherwise.

Gonick & Weisband (ed.), TEACHING WORLD POLITICS: CONTENDING PEDAGOGIES FOR A NEW WORLD ORDER (Westview Press: 1992) [261] -

There have been many references to the so-called "New World Order," a term that did not originate with the Bush Administration. This book provides essential insights into long-held assumptions regarding world order, and the serious doubts about that order now raised in the field of international relations.

This is a primer for the teacher who wants to consider new ways in which to approach the teaching of history, culture, political economy, and ecology. The editors open with an introduction that frames the content of this discourse. The remainder of the book presents individually-authored chapters.

Part 1 of the book identifies the contours of realist theory, and the changing scripts of world politics. It thus addresses and questions the Westphalian paradigm. Part 2 continues with an analysis of the historical and cultural perspectives that are central to understanding (and teaching) world politics. Part 3 provides uncharacteristically informative paradigms for classroom pedagogy in this field. Part 4 continues with discussions on various normative pedagogies.

One who teaches international law should consider reading this book to acquire perspectives that are rarely discussed in the garden-variety international law textbook, yet important components of international process.

Russian Federation

Butler (ed.), BASIC LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Oceana: 1992) [306] -

The University College of London's Professor Butler is one of the foremost legal authorities on the former Soviet Union. He has prepared the translated version of Basic Documents on the Soviet Legal System in several editions. This addition to his translations is the initial version of the new federation's laws, including the opening Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. His book is a convenient reference tool for academicians, practitioners, and legal advisers in need of authoritative translations of the various Federation materials.

Some three-hundred pages of documents, originally appearing in Russian-language sources in 1990 and 1991, are now available in English. They are compiled within the subject headings of Commonwealth Documents, the Economic Community, Legislation of the Russian Federation, and Bilateral Inter-Republic Treaties.

The bulk of the translations are the legislative enactments of the Federation. These statutes are further organized into the useful subdivisions of State Sovereignty, State Structure, Property and Privatization, Company Law, Restrictive Practices (competition), Foreign Economic Activities, and the Free Economic or Entrepreneurship Zones. The reader can thus quickly access the vital Russian Federation reform legislation at a glance.

Sources of Law

Bull, Kingsbury & Roberts, HUGO GROTIUS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (Oxford Univ. Press: 1992) [331] -

Twelve individually-authored chapters address the profound impact of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) on the development of international law and relations. The book thus analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the so-called "Grotian" tradition in international relations. That is acceptance of the sovereignty of states, while simultaneously recognizing the need for international limitations on that sovereignty.

This collection of essays addresses the following basic subject matter of international relations: the nature of international society and its institutions, the equality of states, the laws of war and the sea, military intervention, collective security and the rights of the individual.

This work provides a theoretical analysis of the history of modern international relations - when it was being formed under the European mould of state sovereignty, epitomized by the Peace of Westphalia (commencing just after the passing of Grotius). It is excellent for the purposes of researching and understanding the forces which culminated in the Westphalian concepts of sovereignty that still flourish (although under attack) in contemporary international relations theory.

Danilenko, LAW-MAKING IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY (Martinus Nijhoff: 1992) [343] -

The author is the Head of the Center for International Law at the Russian Academy of Sciences. His book assesses the foundations of international law.

He suggests that the current period of profound change requires exploration of the traditional sources of law and law-making. The expanding number of universal problems, requiring international attention, necessitates innovative approaches to the premises upon which the current international legal system is based. The traditional legal system is thus characterized as lacking in effective methods for rapid generation of new legal norms.

An essential premise is that the standard law-making techniques, established at the beginning of this century, envisioned only gradual change in the legal environment. The increasing universalization of contemporary international problems thus generates the pressure to modify these techniques.

The author assesses the transformation of the social and legal infrastructures that affect how international law is made and changed. The book focuses on state practice, official government statements, and pronouncements of the World Court to attempt the proof of its premise regarding emerging law-making norms. For example, there are formal sources of the law in the ICJ Statute. Diverse economic, social, political, and cultural values, and systems with distinct legal traditions have coalesced to challenge the way in which those sources have actually operated in state relations.

Rosenne, PRACTICE AND METHODS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (Oceana: 1984) [169] - This Newsletter's Reader's Corner provides detail regarding recently published books. There is room, however, for one that is apparently ageless. It is appropriately characterized by the author as a "Where-to find-your-law" book. The problem of finding the law is an old one, and nowhere more difficult than in this particular field (although the author does not characterize it as esoteric). This book thus outlines the methods for finding documentation and seeking bibliographical information in the field of public international law (PIL).

The sources of PIL are scattered. The various chapters aid in unravelling the resulting complexities, particularly for the international practitioner who is unfamiliar with finding the law of PIL. The book opens with the fundamentals, including a brief overview of the various legal sources of PIL.

The remaining chapters are as follows. Chapter II - treaties. Chapter III - customary international law. Chapter IV - Judicial decisions of international tribunals. This chapter provides tips on what type of pleadings are expected in international tribunals, the absence, of precedent, citation format, to name a few. Chapter V addresses the resolutions of international organizations and their meaning for the international lawyer. Chapter VI contains materials on the teachings of publicists and citation of doctrine. The nine appendices provide examples of the format for original materials referred to in the text. This is a great research and resource manual for the international practitioner who needs two things: a brief summary of sources and how to find them.

Watson, INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ARCHAIC ROME: WAR AND RELIGION (John Hopkins Univ. Press: 1993) [100] -

Teachers of international law should consult this text for a brief but useful discourse on sources of international law. The Romans, for example, were quite legalistic in their approach to war. They always sought a judicial verdict prior to declaring war (a point that can be raised during class discussion of Kellogg-Briand's prohibition of war or earlier advance notice requirements).

The "judicial" process involved the special class of priests who sought divine guidance on whether war was just, demanded reparations before waging it, declared war, and made treaties. These were also the ambassadors of peace who attempted to settle disputes and determined the appropriate laws of war. They avenged broken treaties. This process is a forerunner of the just/unjust war distinction - a pervasive theme in later millennium. The author compares seeking the approval of the Roman gods to the Bush Administration's seeking UN approval before waging the Gulf War.

he book analyzes the high degree of concern for legalistic formalities, and the observance of procedures for all phases of Roman control - particularly the mechanisms for justifying the waging of war.

Space Law

Jasentuliyana (ed.), SPACE LAW (Praeger: 1992) [281] -

This rich addition to the literature in space law is a joint publication of the International Institute of Space Law and Praeger Publishers. The book consists of eighteen individually-authored chapters, followed by a selected bibliography. The book deals with the dual welcome and criticism of activities venturing into this last frontier. There were the inevitable concerns about some distant Armageddon, fueled in part by the Cold War. The authors view this recent perspective as past, expressing the almost utopian hope that space will not be the object of hostile competition as in days past.

The various chapters reflect the state and organizational involvement in space research and exploration in a new commercial atmosphere geared toward peaceful enterprise. The book illustrates how much we are all affected by daily space activities in a very positive context. These effects include international telephone links, delivery of the catch where the market based on global and regional market forces, and educational linkage via satellite to the most remote areas of the earth.

State Responsibility

Butler (ed.), CONTROL OVER COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW (Martinus Nijhoff: 1991) [209] -

A number of individually-authored works are consolidated under the five subheadings of Concepts of Control, Arms Control and Disarmament, Ecological Security, Human Rights, and Other International Obligations. Although written from "East-West" perestroika perspectives, the ever-pervasive theme is that of multilateral confidence that international legal obligations will be characterized by both assumption of those obligations and compliance.

This book presents the following corollaries. There has been a noticeable dichotomy - between the former Soviet-Eastern European and the Anglo-American approaches - on the role of public international law theory. A refreshing aspect of this book is the disagreement among the authors. The British authors, for example, are not prepared to write a theoretical paper on the subject of control over compliance with international law. The "Soviet" authors were not prepared to address this subject in the absence of a theoretical construct on which nations could agree.

One of Professor Butler's refreshing realizations is that divergent languages may contain much rhetoric about the question of control over compliance with international obligations. They may not possess much detail, however, on the exact details of implementation. An example is the term "control." The Russian equivalent approximates the French word for "supervision." The English connotation is more like the comparatively hardnosed notions portrayed by the words "subordination" and "responsibility." As stated by Professor Butler, no wonder there are problems with an ABM Treaty word like "verification." The Russian version of the term "verification" is "control."

Robinson, THE QUESTION OF A REFERENCE TO INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE UNITED NATIONS CODE OF CONDUCT ON TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (UN: 1986) [22] -

This is a short survey, commissioned by the UN Centre on Transnational Corporations (UN Sales No. E.86.II.A.5). The objective of this UN program is to facilitate better understanding of the nature of multinational corporations and their effect on developing countries.

This study deals with the evolution of State responsibility and the treatment of aliens/foreign companies. International standards are required. The Centre's position is that negotiations regarding the Code of Conduct provide an opportunity for all governments to participate in their formulation. This particular study emphasizes the lesser developed nation's perspective regarding the term "international law," when used in this Code.

The paper thus commences with a section on the evolution of references to the Code in international negotiations. It then analyzes the impact of developing nations on the development of the customary international law in this particular arena. There is an increasing decline in reliance on the so-called "Hull Formula," for example. In 1938, the US announced this formula as requiring the "prompt, adequate, and effective compensation" by the host government for the nationalization of foreign companies. The author also addresses the Calvo Doctrine, and the effect of bilateral investment protection treaties, from the perspective of the developing nation.

This is a well-documented and well-written analysis. It is particularly useful for anyone who is either researching or attempting to negotiate from a balanced perspective.

Terrorism

Han (ed.), TERRORISM AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE: LIMITS & POSSIBILITIES OF LEGAL CONTROL (2d ed. Oceana: 1993) [452] -

This is an individually-authored collection of articles on existing and potential legal controls of terrorism. There is a refreshing demeanor in this work, evinced by its comprehensive treatment of state terrorism - a subject often unaddressed during public gatherings of publicists from different nations and cultures.

There are three major subdivisions. After the Introduction in Part One, Part Two deals with "Understanding Terrorism and Political Violence." There are definitional problems, distinct ideologies and tactics, an explanation of state terrorism, and a presentation on western perceptions of the problem. Part Three directly addresses the theme of legal controls. The subcategories in this part of the book include legal questions spawned by unusual situations such as extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction, the Entebbe Crisis, and limitations upon the traditional conception of "prosecute or extradite." This section closes with discussion of alternative legal approaches. Part Four analyzes the current prospects for the deterrence and elimination of terrorism.

The editor has employed a very useful feature. There is an Editor's Note at the outset of each major division in the book. This Note summarizes the core of the various articles that follow. The reader may quickly survey the contents, and develop an informed perspective about the various contributions to this appealing publication. One insight into its "appeal," is the Foreword: a letter from the Islamic Jihad to the UN Secretary General, on the Conditions for Ending Hostage-Taking.

Treaties

Horn, RESERVATIONS AND INTERPRETIVE DECLARATIONS TO MULTILATERAL TREATIES (Swedish Inst. Int'l Law: 1988) [514] -

This 1986 doctoral thesis is an exhaustive, well-documented, and apparently authoritative "gap filler" to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The author basically addresses the distinction between reservations and interpretive declarations. Unlike reservations, the rule of tacit acceptance does not apply to declarations. This study points out the importance of determining which rules are applicable, when there is doubt about the nature of the particular statement. The author suggests equitable principles for resolving conflicts between states. This work will likely become the authoritative study of this subject, for which state practice provides little if any guidance.

Menon, THE LAW OF TREATIES BETWEEN STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (Edwin Mellon Press: 1992) [259] -

This book (142 pages of analytical text) is a detailed analysis of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations (drafted in 1982, and the subject of a U.N. Resolution in 1986). It emphasized an important but sometimes overlooked aspect of the growing importance of treaties in international law-making.

Peaceful co-existence among states intimates a different connotation than during the Cold War. The manner in which international obligations are undertaken has changed in recent decades, particularly after WWII and establishment of the U.N. A prominent change is the massive expansion of an international society composed of both states and international organizations. Since the 1949 Reparations Case, organizations have the obvious power to enter into treaties - with states and now with eachother. The 1969 Vienna Convention on Treaties dealt only with states, expressly taking no position on international organizations due to the complexity of the subject. That exclusion was unwelcomed by many states. This book explores why, in addition to contrasting this development with existing state practice.

Raftopoulos, THE INADEQUACY OF THE CONTRACTUAL ANALOGY IN THE LAW OF TREATIES (Hellenic Inst.: 1990) [466] -

Professor Raftopoulos's book is an exhaustive and authoritative reaction to modern attempts to extend the law of treaties into all aspects of international governance. This book questions the foundations of that premise.

The rational approach to problem-solving through analogy is arguably imprecise, given modern societal changes. This phenomenon has not escaped the realm of international law. The book addresses the narrow contract view of treaties. The author criticizes this traditional approach, on the basis that the transformation of private law solutions to international law problems has prevented the proper evolution international consensus - in ways not shared by national or regional conventions in certain parts of the world.

The author successfully arouses the reader's awareness about this challenge to conventional theories of contract in the treaty context. For example, he proposes that a theory of consensus, rather than consent, has permeated treaty practice.

Part One introduces the science of international law in theoretical and contextual perspective. It introduces the inadequacy of analogy and codification as appropriate procedures for explaining international legal concepts. Part Two provides the history and normative language of treaties. Part Three raises questions about the consensus theory of treaty law. Parts Four and Five suggest development of an interest theory of treaty formation.

The approach is both disturbing and refreshing. It was "disturbing," in that it appropriately questions the assumed premise of the contractual analogy in international treaties. It was "refreshing," because it is a well-reasoned analysis of an important area of the law where - as one might say - a little knowledge is dangerous.

Treatises

Bedjaoui (ed.), INTERNATIONAL LAW: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS (Martinus Nijhoff: 1991) [1276] -

This treatise is UNESCO's contribution to the UN Decade of International Law. It is a tangible product part of UNESCO's program for encouraging the development of international law as a university discipline throughout the world. That objective is particularly meaningful for lesser developed countries, where such materials are unavailable. his publication will thus be translated into a number of languages, to reach a wide range of students and other users (after eight years of preparation).

This publication contains a general introduction, and a number of more specific introductions, tailored to the major divisions of the book. There are sixty-seven articles in fifty-five diverse chapters, authored by publicists from all continents - including judges/former judges of the ICJ, senior international law faculty, ministers, diplomats, and other international civil servants. While most of the article/chapters are written by prominent academicians, all the authors have also practiced international law.

There were three objectives in the preparation of this project. First, the book aspires to coverage of the entire field of international law. Thus, it represents a rather broad range of both customary and contemporary issues. Second, it is a "work of initiation." It is intended primarily for students embarking on their initial study of international law - making it attractive to a broader range of individuals than is the situation in a number of other multiple-author collections. This is also a good primer for teachers and others who seek perspectives that are not tied to one nation, as is often the case with many contemporary international law works. Finally, this international law manual defines the field, illustrates its nature, and explains its strengths and weaknesses.

The book's organization consists of four Parts. Part One is entitled Basic Concepts. These chapters cover the definitive topics including the subjects and sources of International Law. Part Two contains five chapters on the Law and Evolution of International Relations - including diplomatic/consular relations, recognition, and the principle of nonintervention, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. There are also chapters on various aspects of international economic relations and the use of force. Part Three is the International Law of the Sea and Space, which includes materials on the environment. Part Four covers Human Rights, including the rights to development and decolonization.

One cannot help but think of this excellent publication as a potential "Oppenheim," particularly in lesser developed countries that - prior to its translations - may not have had access to the work of the great publicists. Detter, INTERNATIONAL LAW (Stockholm Inst. Res. Int'l Law: 1991) [628] - This is a general textbook on international law by a Swedish author. The author's Preface notes that international realities are now such that the usefulness of traditional scholarly approaches must be tested. The particulars include rule making within international society, the impact of such rules on the States, the role of NGOs, the value of General Assembly resolutions, terrorism, and the environment.

The author thus aspires to present this discipline by filling the gaps which are usually given modest, if any, attention in traditional treatises. The book concentrates on the emergence of rules and the actors who contribute to rule formulation. The unusual feature about this book is its fluid approach to the subject of international law, rather than the traditionally compartmentalized coverage of each fiber of its being.

One must thumb through the text for its missing Table of Contents. Close reading of the Preface provides the best insight into the author's ambitious agenda. The book opens with an initial chapter on the limits of the discipline; Chap. II - the structure of international society; Chap. III - the sources of international law; Chap. IV - prophylactic rules, or controls on the use of force; Chap. V - the object of sovereign functions in geographical terms (including title and jurisdiction); Chap. VI - the individual; Chap. VII -jurisdiction outside the nations State (international waters, outer space, etc.); Chap. VIII - Consequential Rules (breach of obligation, remedial devices, international tribunals).

Heiskanen, INTERNATIONAL LEGAL TOPICS (Finnish Lawyers' Pub.: 1992) [492]

This is a doctrinal text on international law. It differs from the standard organizational format in this field. The analysis presents international law from a tripartite perspective linking the international/municipal law distinction, sanction doctrine, and force. The author's "reorganization" of international law unconventionally addresses the methodological and historical underpinnings of contemporary doctrinal division. The book examines these three themes, as an approach to the field of international law, in this reorganized format.

Chapter I of three thus bridges classical and contemporary international law in terms of the international/municipal law distinction. Chapter II analyzes sanctions as a matter of procedure. It discusses the primitive state of international sanctions. It identifies the historical development, as opposed to a substantive development of sanctions for breaches. Chapter III explores the realism/idealism regimes. Article 2.4 of the Charter is, for example, idealist. The realities include undeclared wars, lack of compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ, breaches of the modern laws of armed conflict, and attempts to control through international political organizations.

Jennings & Watts, OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW (9th ed. Longman: 1992) - This two-volume treatise, which needs no introduction, continues the noble tradition begun in 1905 when "Oppenheim" was first published. It is an authoritative treatise, useable by both academicians and practitioners. It contains 1,333 pages, an exhaustive Table of Cases (both national and international courts), and a refreshingly useable 33-page Index. This edition is authored by Robert Jennings (President of the International Court of Justice) and Arthur Watts (recent Legal Adviser to the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office).

Both volumes in "PEACE" are referred to as "Volume I" of the Oppenheim collection. Volume II (8th ed.) concentrates on disputes and armed conflict. Any extensive treatment of the material on international organizations (8th ed.) has been deleted from this title on "Peace," which will appear instead in "Volume III" on international organizations.

The first volume contains a general Introduction (Chapter 1) & Part I of the overall work. That volume addresses the foundation and development of international law in the Introduction. "Part I" (Chapters 2-3) addresses the themes of international persons and the position of states in international law. The second volume contains Parts II-IV of the new Oppenheim. Chapters 4-15 thus include the objects of international law, territorial chapters, protection, treaties, and international transactions.

There is a continuing need for a book that presents the content of "international law," a deceptively simple term, in an organized and readable manner. In addition to the usual updated information expected in a new edition, this treatise does a splendid job of categorizing and addressing the complex web of themes which have developed in state practice since the last edition.

Koskennniemi, FROM APOLOGY TO UTOPIA: THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ARGUMENT (Finnish Lawyers' Pub.: 1989) [550] -

This discourse on international law elaborates on the social determinants of State conduct. Rather than merely surveying the field generally, Utopia dovetails political reality with normative expectations. It thus addresses both norms and the environment in which those norms are produced. The author thereby depicts how international law theory can be suspect, resulting in doctrinal irrelevance when measured by necessity and pragmatism.

One of the author's fundamental premises is that international lawyers will remain "trapped in the prison-house of irrelevance," without a better grasp of the social theory and political principles influencing the development of legal principles. The choice between crude pragmatism and indeterminate theory, without understanding the relation between them, will inevitably result in vulnerability to justifiable criticism of the international lawyer, diplomat, or other professor of international doctrine. This is why basic concepts like "statehood," "authority," "legitimacy," "obligation," "consent" - all at the heart of international law - are also hotly debated issues in social and political theory.

Levi, CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW: A CONCISE INTRODUCTION (2nd ed. Westview Press: 1991) [365] -

No listing of contemporary international law books would be complete without reference to an introductory reader on the subject. Professor Levi's treatise tackles the introduction to international law in an organized manner. Part 1 is the Nature and Function of International Law. Part 2 is International Legal Capacity. Part 3 deals with states and international organs. It then moves to Part 4, on the Jurisdiction of States. Part 5 directly addresses Persons in International Law, separately from the earlier states and organizations materials. Part 6 returns to state matters, in the context of state responsibility and treaties. Part 7 addresses international cooperation in the political, economic, and environmental spheres. Part 8 analyses dispute settlement, followed by Part 9 on Use of Force. The book closes with Part 10 - the Dynamic Character of International Law. The book provides references for further reading at the end of each Part.

The Second Edition incorporates information about contemporary developments including those in Eastern Europe, how the U.S. invasion of Panama affects the sovereign immunity of States, and the like. The author emphasizes the political dimension of international law, rather than the usual legalistic casebook approach. Thus, this book is a good reader, intended for a wider range of audience than found in traditional law school approaches.

Von Glahn, LAW AMONG NATIONS: AN INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (6th ed. Macmillan: 1992) [919] -

This may be the premiere reader for an Introduction to International Law course at the undergraduate level. It could be a supplemental text for most international law courses. Professor von Glahn exhaustively covers all facets of the field of International Law in this comprehensive treatise - now in its sixth edition.

It contains a mixture of text for reading, interwoven with abbreviated versions of actual cases and Case Studies (e.g., Achille Lauro Affair), considered too prominent to be sandwiched into the body of the book's text. The cases are used to illustrate textual themes, after introductory discussions in the text.

As stated in the Preface to the 1965 First Edition (and reprinted in the 6th edition), the title was "chosen with care" to maintain the distinction between supranational law and the law among nations. The author therein depicts international law as a generally weak and developing form of law, applicable to a relatively unorganized community - lacking specialized agencies dedicated to enforcement. The Sixth Edition update incorporates major developments since the last edition in 1986 (e.g., Nicaragua Case & demise of the Cold War).

Tribunals

Ginn, SUGAMO PRISON, TOKYO (McFarland: 1992) [297] -

Anyone who has heard the term "international law," has surely heard the term "Nuremberg Trials." Many, however, have little familiarity with the companion Tokyo trials of the Axis Japanese defendants.

This is a factual account by the author, who served a military tour of duty at the prison (now a researcher and writer). His book provides much detail for the historical study of war crimes trials and their aftermath. The judgments sent 2,000 prisoners to the no defunct Sugamo Prison, in Tokyo, where nearly sixth were executed.

This book summarizes the charges, evidence, and sentences of the various defendants. It is thus a useful chronicle of the events and the participants in the important war crimes trials conducted in Japan after the war. The appendixes include the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. The timeliness is of interest, due to the recent U.N. agenda on the feasibility of conducting war crimes trials in the 1990's.

Ginsburgs & Kudriavtsev, THE NUREMBERG TRIAL ANDINTERNATIONAL LAW (Martinus Nijhoff: 1990) [288] -

For one who is unfamiliar with the details of the famous Nuremberg Trials, this is a good reader for tracking the events which lead to the judgment. It provides the background of the trial itself, jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal, and international criminal procedure in general. The timeliness of reading a primer on this theme is suggested by the recent U.N. agenda on the feasibility of conducting war crimes trials in the 1990's.

This book is a comprehensive treatment of the impact of the Nuremberg Trials on international law. It details, for example, codification of the Nuremberg Principles, interplay of extradition/asylum, rights of the accused, and the effect of superior orders.

Nuremberg closes with some materials on the application of the Nuremberg Principles by other military tribunals and various national courts since the trial.

Kavass (ed.), SUPRANATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS IN EUROPE: FUNCTIONS AND SOURCES (Hein: 1992) [404] -

This volume contains the edited papers presented at the 1989 International Association of Law Libraries seminar, in Paris, on the titled topic. It also contains useful excerpts of the texts of related constitutional documents. In addition to highlighting the expanded attention to constitutional courts in Europe, this book provides historical and analytical descriptions of those courts.

The individually-authored topics include coverage of the European Court of Justice, European Court of Human Rights, European Commission of Human Rights, and the constitutional courts of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland (plus brief coverage of certain other Eastern European nations), Spain, and Switzerland. The three parts are I: Emergence of Constitutional Courts in Europe (Introduction & Table of member-nations with details on judicial selection); II: Supranational Courts of Europe (Courts of Justice and Human Rights and relevant treaty texts); and III: Constitutional Courts of Europe (analysis and text of relevant provisions).

This book provides useful insights about the prospects for a supranational entity's assumption of the role of constitutional guardian - to ensure observance of individual and other rights by the executive and legislative branches of member-nations. At a time when Russia's constitutional crisis has been addressed by the Russian Constitutional Court, the reader can appreciate the operation of constitutional review, by both national and international European courts, as certain democratic processes begin to flourish in the aftermath of the Cold War. One can also use this work to develop an appreciation of how the national models vary.

Lillich (ed.), FACT-FINDING BEFORE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS (Transnational: 1992) [338] -

This book consists of fifteen individually-authored chapters on a subject of immense importance. The first part of this book addresses fact-finding procedures in three general categories of international tribunal: (1) the International Court of Justice; (2) the Iran/United States Claims Tribunal; and in international human rights bodies.

Many reformists believe that trial-court fact-finding is the softspot in the administration of international justice, and thus the object of law reform efforts. Thus, a number of academic lawyers, sitting international judges, and other interested presenters assembled at the University of Virginia for the Eleventh Annual Sokol Colloquium in 1990. This book is the product of their scholarly efforts to address this pervasive problem with international justice.

The three major themes in this book are:

(1) that international judges, who typically deal with matters of first instance, should possess sufficient background and inclination to appropriately consider the factual bases for the cases which they must decide;

(2) all international judges should be more aggressive in seeking the facts, due to procedural limitations such as the inability to summon witnesses and review discovery revelations;

(3) the contributors to this volume criticize the ICJ for avoiding factual questions by an eagerness to decide on legal grounds.

Anyone doing work in the area of international judicial reform must consider this work as an essential ingredient.

Unification

Zhao & Sutter (ed.), POLITICS OF DIVIDED NATIONS: CHINA, KOREA, GERMANY AND VIETNAM - UNIFICATION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POLITICAL SETTLEMENT (Univ. Md: 1991) [198] -

This book is a collection of individually-authored chapters on nations that are (or recently were) divided. Although diverse, they are effectively products of the Cold War.

The issue of unification is linked to differences in the political and economic systems operated by the respective divisions of each of the profiled nations. The end of the Cold War will play a significant role in the future internal and external politics of such divided nations.

This book is a country study on unification politics. Most of the discussion is about China and Korea, because they remain divided. There are also essays on the effects of the apparent unification of Germany and Vietnam. The final chapter addresses the policy implications for the U.S. This is a useful reader for one who desires just an understanding of the underlying political dilemmas, or one who wishes to integrate the politics of division into a course on international law or relations.

United Nations

Bertrand, THE THIRD GENERATION WORLD ORGANIZATION (Martinus Nijhoff: 1989) [217] -

The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), is an autonomous institution within the framework of the U.N. Its relevant mandate is to enhance the effectiveness of the U.N. through training and research programs. A main concern is the reform of the U.N. The author is an authority on this subject. He addresses the paradox that the U.N. is widely recognized as indispensable, yet facing a continuing financial crisis. This study (originally in French) analyzes this paradox.

The author's central thesis is the need to transform the U.N. into a "Third generation World Organization," now that it has passed its fortieth birthday. There must be, for example, more a more comprehensive economic dialogue between all governments, in order to achieve the goal of integration of the worlds of the rich and the poor. It is intended for a general audience, that is the reader who wishes to undertake an initial tour of the problem of reform.

The analysis includes the "Balance Sheet of the World Organization" (Chapter II), a proposed Programme for Peace (Chapter IV), and some annex material containing specific concepts for reform. Initially, this part of the book considers the very feasibility of reform, before an analysis of managerial/structural shortcomings. This is the latest in a series of similar works by the author (in all five official languages of the U.N.).

Blum, ERODING THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER (Martinus Nijhoff: 1993) [285] - This book addresses the long-term effects on the UN, caused by the global confrontation between the two superpowers. That conflict featured one of its strongest expressions in the UN arena. The author identifies how departures from the legal requirements imposed by the UN Charter were responsible for its decline. The Introduction opens the book with quotes from the 1980 Palestine debate, and references to the 1971 unseating of Taiwan to seat the PRC in the General Assembly. Both suggest how the rules could be manipulated in contradiction of established practice.

This book is thus devoted to the study of inconsistencies, which eroded the UN process over its first four decades. It thus focuses on Security Council (mis)practice, abuses of credential procedures, violations of important rules of procedure, and "an atmosphere of lawlessness that has gripped the United Nations. The author proceeds through these erosions, article by article of the Charter. The States who have been in the majority have often contributed to the subversion of the rule of law at the UN. These States have thus discredited the UN. As the majorities have changed over the years, so has attribution of this negative responsibility. The end of the Cold War signals a new era of parliamentary cooperation in the UN organization. The author's expose is thus designed to illustrate deficiencies with a view toward remedial steps to recapture an original objective of the organization - that is, maintaining the rule of law in all international affairs.

Ferman, BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING (Martinus Nijhoff: 1992) [291] -

The potential proliferation of UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs), as well as accurately tracking PKO history, necessitates an instrument for access to the literature on this increasingly important topic. The original literature is increasing, at exponential levels. One reason for the increase in written materials on PKO is that the gap seems to be closing between Chapter VI of the Charter (pacific settlement) and Chapter VII (enforcement measures).

This resource collects the relevant literature in books, articles, reports, and journals. It organizes the 1,100 entries (primarily English language) within the patterns of the literature in the field. The chapters are thus organized in the following chapter order: 1. general; 2. conceptual; 3./4. comparative PKO case studies; 5./6. reviews of several of the PKOs; 7. judicial and institutional; 8. financial; 9. military; 10. political; 11. biographies and memoirs of participants; 12. book reviews of the relevant publications; 13. documentary collections on PKOs; 14. other bibliographies (eight).

Accessibility is enhanced by separate and lengthy subject and general indexes. A per item numbering system is used to promote quick reference to materials referred to in the indexes.

Hajnal, DIRECTORY OF UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTARY AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES (Academic Council on the UN: 1991) [106] -

This document was compiled in co-operation with the United Nations Library. It is a directory that assists in teaching, research, and finding documentation on a variety of subjects within - and beyond - the realm of the U.N. system of organizations. The Directory contains an annotated guide to the major archival, documentary, and publications of the listed organizations - both international governmental organizations (e.g., GATT) and organizations within the U.N. system of organizations (e.g., IAEA). The reference entries include related organizational information published commercially, academically, and by governments (e.g., Dep't of State, Senate Comm. on For. Relations). There are 524 numbered entries, covering major titles and collections.

There is a refreshing inclusion of identifying detail, useful for the purpose of determining content, numbering, and ordering information. The frontal material includes an explanatory diagram on how to use this directory, making its content further accessible. Two pages of abbreviations assist the user in identifying the acronyms typically used in international documentation and publishing.

Osmanczyk, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (2d ed. Taylor & Francis: 1990) [1220] -

This is the second edition of the first English language encyclopedia about the entire UN system. It is an "A to Z" comprehensive coverage of virtually the entire UN universe of problems and institutions. The entries are alphabetized, for ease of access to its contents. Its Polish author (deceased) recorded international events since 1913 and was elected to the Polish Senate in 1989. This work was one for which he will certainly be remembered for many years to come.

This book does not edit the development of the UN system. It objectively follows it. The encyclopedic entries are thus designed to both depict and aid in understanding the considerable number of people, events, and international agreements that have shaped the development of the UN system. The two-page entry on the ICJ, for example, defines it, depicts certain key developments in accession to its terms and the related Statute of the Court, and lists the national acceptances. This entry also displays the international organizations authorized to request advisory opinions from the Court. This entry is followed by a six-page summary of cases decided by the Court since 1946. The next entry contains the text of the Statute of the Court.

The Appendices include World Population statistics (1985-2025), acronyms, official abbreviations, a "selective" index of 78 pages (assuring access to the detail in this encyclopedia), and indexes of treaties and names of prominent participants in the UN process since its inception. The inside covers contain a descriptive map of UN organizations, members of the UN (including date of admission, size, and population), and a world map.

Sloan, UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS IN OUR CHANGING WORLD (Transnational: 1991) [591] -

This is the "who-what-where-when" book on the work of the General Assembly. The author, a member of the UN Office of Legal Affairs for thirty years, was and is one of the pioneers on the subject of the effect of UNGA resolutions (UNGARs). This book is one of the definitive works on the practice and jurisprudence regarding such resolutions over the last (and first) forty-five years.

In the aftermath of the Cold War, it is likely that UNGA resolutions will assume a more prominent role in the development of international law.

This study examines their past, present, and future impact. Chapter I analyzes the nature and function of UNGARs. Chapter II addresses their relation to international law. Chapter III discusses the effects (judicially, etc.) and factors for determining their effects (voting patterns, etc.). Chapter IV raises the opportunities for UNGARs under the existing and amended forms of the UN Charter.

The above chapters are the first third of this book. The remainder consists of useful annexes which include the opinions of the UN Legal Office on UNGARs (e,g, the memorandum distinguishing "Declaration" and "Recommendation"); list of conventions and declarations adopted by the UNGA between 1946 (Uniting for Peace) and 1989 (Reduction of Military Budgets) -which begins with a four-page alphabetized listing of the contents of this particular Appendix; and the San Francisco Statement on Charter Interpretation. The book closes with a comprehensive Bibliography (on other works on the subject of UNGARs) and Index - thus promoting access to the contents of this book and others in the field.

United Nations, BLUE HELMETS: A REVIEW OF UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING (2d ed. UN: 1990) [465] -

This is the official UN compilation of peace-keeping operations (PKO) from 1948-1990. One of its many useful features is Appendix III, containing details about each operation on a geographical map. The front of the book opens with a two-page listing of the various UN PKOs (as of 1990).

The value of this particular book is its extensive coverage of each PKO including: background and constitutive declarations, guidelines for each force, composition, mandates, renewals, command structure, and various phases (including current scenario where still active). It is thus a relatively complete chronicle of the pressures leading to the development, operation, and dissolution of the many UN PKOs since 1948.

The first edition has thus been updated with five chapters dealing with the operations established in 1988 and 1989. Former UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar's Foreword introduces how these recent operations have broken new ground.

This work is one of the best tools for quickly tracing the basic facts, assessing the significance of their impact, and predicting where UN PKOs will head in the 21st Century. There is an analysis of the relevant Charter provisions, and materials outlining the important distinction between the traditional peace-keeping, and new mode of peace-making (as distinguished by the current Secretary-General in An Agenda for Peace.)

Other useful appendices include the composition and organization of the various PKOs, facts and figures regarding their operations, and the maps identified earlier in this review of the book.

Urquhart & Childers, TOWARDS A MORE EFFECTIVE UNITED NATIONS (Dag Hammarskjold Foundation: 1992) [96] -

This is the second of two studies funded by the Ford Foundation in New York and produced by the DHF in Uppsala. The initial work was the 1990 study, A WORLD IN NEED OF LEADERSHIP: TOMORROW'S UNITED NATIONS (1990) [111]. Notwithstanding criticisms, the UN is the only truly universal organization. The authors' premise is that it should be reorganized and molded into an effective instrument for international cooperation.

These studies pose drastic modifications, to ensure functional coherence, including a reorganized Secretariat as a means of providing more effective leadership. There are also recommendations on the UN's capacity to react to humanitarian emergencies (e.g., Bangladesh and the Persian Gulf).

The chapters in EFFECTIVE outline the proposed task of reorganizing the Secretariat, including the office of the Secretary-General, Deputy S-Gs, institutes, and country-level representatives. The chapters in TOMORROW address background questions on the office of the S-G, the selection process, role of UN specialized agencies, UN funds, and the senior echelon at the UN. They propose ways of finding the most effective leaders and reorganizing the system's leadership.

Yoder, THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM (2d ed. Taylor & Francis: 1993) [277] -

This book addresses the gap between the so-called liberal internationalists and the advocates of power politics in development of the UN process. It describes how "internationalist" hopes were dashed, when the UN failed to do what they expected of the system. It also addresses how the "power brokers," on the other hand underestimated the importance of UN actions. The author further describes how leaders have used their military forces within the framework of international law, to support the UN.

The coauthor describes the new dimensions of the UN system, now that the two superpowers have dramatically altered their respective attitudes about supporting the UN (particularly since 1988). It is thus a good reader, designed to objectively analyze past criticisms and current achievements of the UN.

The various chapters trace the evolution of the League of Nations, the birth of the United Nations, UN/US collective security relations, the network of nuclear control agreements, the relationship between the UN and international law, and the economic and social work of the UN and its specialized agencies.

Wells, PEACE BY PIECES - UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES AND THEIR ROLES (Scarecrow Press: 1991) [482] -

This book provides a comprehensive account of the U.N.'s seventeen specialized agencies. Each individually-authored chapter focuses on one of those agencies, providing a detailed examination of all facets of its operation. Given the high profile of only several of the U.N. agencies, this publication is quite useful for understanding the economic, scientific, and social functions of the entire world-wide U.N. organization. This book examines them at work, rather than the usual approach which identifies the organization in rather general terms.

The authors are not reticent about identifying the political aspects of the particular organization's day-to-day existence. There is fascinating insight about the so-called "politicization" of UNESCO, ILO, FAO, and the WHO. The somewhat unique contribution of this work is that it does not emphasize the "major" players, at the cost of minimizing coverage of the work of the lesser-known organizations within the U.N.

In addition to chapter footnotes, this book closes with a fifty-page selective bibliography on the U.N. specialized agencies profiled in the main chapters.

General

Butler (ed.), INTERNATIONAL LAW ON microFICHE (IDC: periodic) -

This is a catalogue of international law on microfiche. The publisher has 13,982 titles in this collection on microfiche. This is probably the most complete collection of rare and important books on international law. The books include both private and public international law titles. They are filmed in the original language. The resource centers include The Peace Palace in The Hague and the Harvard Law School Law Library.

Professor Butler of the University of London has performed a valuable service in compiling this catalogue of IDC's books on microfiche. In the field of international law, acquiring "aged" materials always has relevance for the modern researcher. This project provides the opportunity to access older materials through a comparatively inexpensive mode.

Cassidy, THE GRADUATE SCHOLARSHIP BOOK (Prentiss Hall: 2nd ed. 1990) [441] -

In keeping with one of the UN Decade's goals, the Editor provides the following information as a means of acquainting the reader with one of the useful reference works on graduate education. It emphasizes U.S. institutions, although a number of foreign institution opportunities are identified. Those of us who are teachers, are constantly barraged with questions about the location of books on further legal education. We should probably become better prepared to answer such questions for students contemplating study at other levels of education.

This book is a comprehensive guide to scholarships, fellowships, grants, and loans for graduate and professional study in the U.S. This book even contains information about other resource books. The author works at the National Scholarship Research Service, located in San Raphel, California, USA (415) 456-1577. The information is compiled from the data base of the largest private sector financial aid service in the world.

It contains a quick-find index, a field of study index, scholarship and awards listings, helpful specialized publications, career information, and an alphabetical index.

Hamza, COMPARATIVE LAW AND ANTIQUITY (Akademiai Kiado: 1991) [286] -

This book is the English translation of some fascinating discourses on the comparative law influences on the development of regional and international law. The systems covered are Graeco-Roman, ancient European jurisprudence, international economic and political relations in the ancient mediterranean world, and the concept of contract in the laws of the ancient mediterranean world (Greek philosophy and Roman jurisprudence).

Chapter Four contains a critical analysis, while urging the utility of, comparative study of the ancient laws from the above regions. Both the difficulties and benefits of comparative study are addressed in this important chapter of the book.

Professors, political scientists, comparative law specialists, and those interested in inclusive coverage of the origins of international economics should consider this resource for drawing insights from ancient systems.

UNESCO, WORLD DIRECTORY OF PEACE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (7th ed. UNESCO: 1990) [354] -

This directory is a listing of the world-wide institutions (sixty countries) conducting peace research and training. Its raw data was drawn from a questionnaire sent to pertinent institutions. The results appear in English, Spanish, and French.

Its subsections present the various listings first by indexing the just the names or acronyms of the responding institutions (Section I). Section II is the bulk of this directory. It lists all the essential detail about each of the alphabetically-listed institutions (previously listed in Section I). Section III is a subject index. Its subentries alphabetically list the countries (and page in the book) where the institutions associated with that particular subject are found.

Access to the essential identification information on the large number of peace research and training institutions in the world is facilitated by the convenient format of this directory.

UNESCO, WORLD DIRECTORY OF TEACHING AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (2nd rev. ed. UNESCO: 1990) [387] -

UNESCO has compiled this useful directory, consisting of alphabetized entries in English, French, and Spanish (in the same text). In addition to relevance to the UN Decade educational program objectives, this work also compliments the UN's 1965 Programme of Assistance in Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law - Gen. Ass. Res. 2099 (XX) of 20 Dec. 1965.

This work contains information on various diploma courses, entrance formalities, financial assistance, structure of teaching programs, and continuous educational training facilities.

Section I is an index of the names and acronyms of the institutions. Section II contains descriptive entries of degrees and courses, international and regional institutions, and national institutions with international components. Section III lists associations and societies of international law. Section IV provides a personal name index of faculty. Section V is an index of international law subject matters and host country.



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